Sindh High Court

5760/2023 Const. P. Muhammad Ghulam Mohiuddin (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)…

1883/2017 Const. P. M/s Sultan Mehmood & Co. (Petitioner) V/S Cantonment Board Clifton & another (Respondent)

It is now well-settled that use of an amenity / public property by the public for enjoyment of life is covered by the word life employed in Article 9 of the Constitution ; such right to enter into and use the amenity / p…

248/2017 Cr.Bail Abdul Jabbar @ Jabbar Jokhio (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

248/2017 Cr.Bail Abdul Jabbar @ Jabbar Jokhio (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

5851/2018 Const. P. Mst. Saima Ather (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

5851/2018 Const. P. Mst. Saima Ather (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)…

826/2022 Const. P. Muhammad Aslam (Petitioner) V/S Muhammad yasin & Others (Respondent)

APPLICATION OF A JUDICIAL MIND, THAT INCLUDES, ELEMENT OF VISIBLE FAIRNESS IN A DECISION.…

2/2024 Const. P. Muhammad Hussain (Petitioner) V/S Ali Muhammad Shaikh (Respondent)

2/2024 Const. P. Muhammad Hussain (Petitioner) V/S Ali Muhammad Shaikh (Respondent)…

52/2018 Criminal Appeal Meer Muhammad Umer (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

52/2018 Criminal Appeal Meer Muhammad Umer (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

219/2017 Const. P. Asim Sualeh (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)

Petitioner has assailed the vires of show cause notice dated 30.12.2016 issued by respondent-Port Qasim Authority (PQA), whereby he has been called upon to explain his position concerning his initial appointment as Deput…

912/2015 Const. P. Zahid Ali and another (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and others (Respondent)

912/2015 Const. P. Zahid Ali and another (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and others (Respondent)…

4269/2025 Const. P. Esha & Hamza Raheem (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh & others (Respondent)

In view of the above, this constitutional petition is disposed of with a direction to the concerned police to provide legal protection to the couple as and when they approach for such protection. In the meantime, no furt…

188/2009 Civil Revision The Trustees of the Port of Karachi (Applicant) V/S All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (Respondent)

188/2009 Civil Revision The Trustees of the Port of Karachi (Applicant) V/S All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (Respondent)…

124/2018 Cr.Bail Ghulam Murtaza (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

124/2018 Cr.Bail Ghulam Murtaza (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

-1494/2024 J.M M/s. Dr. Mubin Akhtar Hospital & another (Applicant) V/S Syed Muhammad Salahuddin & another (Respondent)

Applications under sections 73 and 80 of Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 returned when no proceedings concerning trademark were pending in High Court.…

516/2015 Suit Jubilee Life Insurance Co (Plaintiff) V/S The United Insurance Co (Defendant)

2015

Trade Marks Ordinance (XIX of 2001)--- ----Ss. 40, 39 & 2(xlv)---Specific Relief Act (I of 1877), S. 54---Civil Procedure Code (V of 1908), 0. XXXIX, Kr. 1 & 2---Rights conferred by registration of trade mark---Infringem…

4/2023 Criminal Appeal Zeeshan (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

4/2023 Criminal Appeal Zeeshan (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

10/2019 Conf.Case Zubair Ahmed (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

10/2019 Conf.Case Zubair Ahmed (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

210/2019 Criminal Appeal Ghulam Mustafa @ Nabban (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

210/2019 Criminal Appeal Ghulam Mustafa @ Nabban (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

1967/2025 Cr.Bail ZEESHAN MIRZA S/O AKHTAR MIRZA (Applicant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)

1967/2025 Cr.Bail ZEESHAN MIRZA S/O AKHTAR MIRZA (Applicant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)…

5801/2016 Const. P. Aslam Khan (Petitioner) V/S Director General SBCA (Respondent)

5801/2016 Const. P. Aslam Khan (Petitioner) V/S Director General SBCA (Respondent)…

2804/2017 Const. P. Zafar Iqbal Awan (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)

2804/2017 Const. P. Zafar Iqbal Awan (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)…

3210/2022 Const. P. Shan (Petitioner) V/S Roshan and Others (Respondent)

3210/2022 Const. P. Shan (Petitioner) V/S Roshan and Others (Respondent)…

1335/2013 Const. P. Muhammad Rizwan and another (Petitioner) V/S Shahid Ali and others (Respondent)

1335/2013 Const. P. Muhammad Rizwan and another (Petitioner) V/S Shahid Ali and others (Respondent)…

92/2011 Cr.Tran Ghulam Akber Jatoi (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

2012

92/2011 Cr.Tran Ghulam Akber Jatoi (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

500/2025 Cr.Bail Abdul Ghaffar Chachar (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

500/2025 Cr.Bail Abdul Ghaffar Chachar (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

241/2019 Cr.Acq.A. Syed Muhammad Farooq (Appellant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)

241/2019 Cr.Acq.A. Syed Muhammad Farooq (Appellant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)…

93/2001 Cr.Appeal Mashooque Ali Mallah (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

93/2001 Cr.Appeal Mashooque Ali Mallah (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

75/2024 Cr.Bail Imdad Memon (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

NAB Matter…

440/2018 H.C.A M/s. Zamzama Builders & Developers (Appellant) V/S Cantonment Board Fasial & others (Respondent)

440/2018 H.C.A M/s. Zamzama Builders & Developers (Appellant) V/S Cantonment Board Fasial & others (Respondent)…

50/2016 Judicial Companies Misc. GAZIPURA SECURITIES & SERVICES (PVT.) LIMITED (Petitioner) V/S V/S (Respondent)

50/2016 Judicial Companies Misc. GAZIPURA SECURITIES & SERVICES (PVT.) LIMITED (Petitioner) V/S V/S (Respondent)…

85/2018 Spl.Cr.J.A Zanwar Hussain Pathan (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

85/2018 Spl.Cr.J.A Zanwar Hussain Pathan (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

1231/2023 Suit Civil Hospital Pharmacy (Plaintiff) V/S Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center & others (Defendant)

1231/2023 Suit Civil Hospital Pharmacy (Plaintiff) V/S Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center & others (Defendant)…

157/2016 Criminal Appeal Muhammad Siddique (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

157/2016 Criminal Appeal Muhammad Siddique (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

186/2020 Const. P. Ayaz (Petitioner) V/S Saadullah & Others (Respondent)

186/2020 Const. P. Ayaz (Petitioner) V/S Saadullah & Others (Respondent)…

62/2015 J.M M/s. Shahtaj Textile Lmited. (Applicant) V/S Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan) Ltd., & Others. (Respondent)

2015

If triable issues are not involved, which required leading and recording of evidence, then it is not mandatory to frame issues and an application under Section 12(2) of C.P.C. can be decided on the basis of available cas…

3544/2019 Const. P. M/s M.F Brothers & Ors (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

A Divisional Bench of this Court comprising of Mr. Justice Aqeel Ahmed Abbasi and Mr. Justice Zulfiqar Ahmed Khan has pronounced the judgment on 18th January 2021 in the case of Al-Razzaq Fibres Pvt. Ltd. and others v. T…

8/2019 Conf.Case REFERENCE MADY BY THE IST ADJ KARACHI SOUTH (Appellant) V/S MUHAMMAD BILAL S/O GHULAM HUSSAIN (Respondent)

8/2019 Conf.Case REFERENCE MADY BY THE IST ADJ KARACHI SOUTH (Appellant) V/S MUHAMMAD BILAL S/O GHULAM HUSSAIN (Respondent)…

129/2011 Cr.Appeal Abdul Rasheed Sahar (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

129/2011 Cr.Appeal Abdul Rasheed Sahar (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

87/2006 Spl. Cus. Ref. A. Collector of Customs (Appraisement) (Applicant) V/S M/s. Crescent Textile Mills (Pvt) ltd (Respondent)

CBR cannot interpret any notification or law beyond its scope; such interpretation is merely administrative and not binding on judicial forums…

1184/2018 Cr.Bail Javed (Applicant) V/S PO SIndh (Respondent)

1184/2018 Cr.Bail Javed (Applicant) V/S PO SIndh (Respondent)…

2142/2022 Const. P. Ms. Arooba Umer (Petitioner) V/S Higher Educations Commission of Pakistan & Others (Respondent)

2142/2022 Const. P. Ms. Arooba Umer (Petitioner) V/S Higher Educations Commission of Pakistan & Others (Respondent)…

940/2023 Const. P. Azam Mirza S/o Afzal Mirza (Petitioner) V/S Mst. Saima Khan and Another (Respondent)

Islam confers right of Khula to women.…

298/2015 Spl.Cr.A.T.A. Muhammad Owais (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

298/2015 Spl.Cr.A.T.A. Muhammad Owais (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

97/2023 Cr.J.A Muhammad Ali Bhatti & Another (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

97/2023 Cr.J.A Muhammad Ali Bhatti & Another (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

1/2014 Cr.Rev mtiaz Ali Tunio (Appellant) V/S The state (Respondent)

1/2014 Cr.Rev mtiaz Ali Tunio (Appellant) V/S The state (Respondent)…

303/2020 Spl. Cus. Ref. A. Collector of Customs (Applicant) V/S M/s. Middle East Construction Company (Respondent)

303/2020 Spl. Cus. Ref. A. Collector of Customs (Applicant) V/S M/s. Middle East Construction Company (Respondent)…

190/2022 R.A (Civil Revision) Srichand (Applicant) V/S Dileep Kumar (Respondent)

Whether the suit ultimately succeeds or fails is a matter to be determined through adjudication, not at the threshold through a mechanical application of Order VII Rule 11 CPC. Civil Revision Application is dismissed.…

893/2020 Const. P. Zulfiqar S/o Muhammad Ismail (Petitioner) V/S Mst. Saba Gul and others (Respondent)

893/2020 Const. P. Zulfiqar S/o Muhammad Ismail (Petitioner) V/S Mst. Saba Gul and others (Respondent)…

1074/2024 Cr.Misc. ISHAQUE THAHEEM & ORS (Applicant) V/S THE DIG POLICE HYDERABAD & ORS (Respondent)

1074/2024 Cr.Misc. ISHAQUE THAHEEM & ORS (Applicant) V/S THE DIG POLICE HYDERABAD & ORS (Respondent)…

1720/2021 Const. P. Noor Muhammad (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and Others (Respondent)

alteration in date of Birth…

5748/2019 Const. P. Dr.Samreen Riaz Ali and Ors (Petitioner) V/S D.O.U.H.S and Ors (Respondent)

5748/2019 Const. P. Dr.Samreen Riaz Ali and Ors (Petitioner) V/S D.O.U.H.S and Ors (Respondent)…

168/2016 H.C.A Muhammad Amin (Appellant) V/S Mrs. Farida Bano (Respondent)

168/2016 H.C.A Muhammad Amin (Appellant) V/S Mrs. Farida Bano (Respondent)…

5/2021 M.A. Jaag Broadcasting Systems (Private) Limited (Appellant) V/S Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (Respondent)

-Once a decision was taken for the withdrawal of the complaint and to refer it to Council of Complaints, Karachi (Sindh) there should be some logical reasons for not referring it to the Council of Complaints, Karachi (Si…

3/2012 Conf.Case Hassan alias Ali Hassan and others. (Appellant) V/S Mst. Halima Chandio (Respondent)

3/2012 Conf.Case Hassan alias Ali Hassan and others. (Appellant) V/S Mst. Halima Chandio (Respondent)…

1435/2014 Const. P. Mehboob Shah Khan and others (Petitioner) V/S Federation of Pakistan and others (Respondent)

1435/2014 Const. P. Mehboob Shah Khan and others (Petitioner) V/S Federation of Pakistan and others (Respondent)…

2714/2022 Const. P. Jawaid Akhtar Memon (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

This petition is disposed of in accordance with the Supreme Court's directives mentioned earlier. However, the respondent Bank is at liberty to reassess the petitioner's promotion issue, considering the 2016 policy and a…

5719/2018 Const. P. Fayyaz KaimKhani (Petitioner) V/S Election Commission of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)

5719/2018 Const. P. Fayyaz KaimKhani (Petitioner) V/S Election Commission of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)…

3913/2020 Const. P. Abdul Ghaffar (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and Others (Respondent)

3913/2020 Const. P. Abdul Ghaffar (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and Others (Respondent)…

2379/2013 Const. P. Karam Ali & Ors (Petitioner) V/S Govt of Sindh & Ors (Respondent)

2379/2013 Const. P. Karam Ali & Ors (Petitioner) V/S Govt of Sindh & Ors (Respondent)…

426/2013 Cr.Bail Muhammad Sulleman Jakhrani (Applicant) V/S The state (Respondent)

426/2013 Cr.Bail Muhammad Sulleman Jakhrani (Applicant) V/S The state (Respondent)…

39/2014 Cr.Appeal Badal and another (Appellant) V/S The State and another (Respondent)

39/2014 Cr.Appeal Badal and another (Appellant) V/S The State and another (Respondent)…

12/2021 Cr.Acctt.A THE CHAIRMAIN NAB (Appellant) V/S NISAR AHMED JAN MEMON ( NISAR MORAI ) & OTHERS (Respondent)

NAB Matter - Appeal - Enhancement of Sentence…

173/2010 R.A (Civil Revision) Bashir Ahmed (Applicant) V/S Mst.Fatima Begum & Ors (Respondent)

(a) Specific Relief Act (I of 1877)--- ----S. 42---Suit for declaration---Contention of plaintiff was that he was owner of suit property---Suit was dismissed concurrently---Validity---Plaintiff had been paid sale conside…

47/2022 Spl. Cus. Ref. A. Driector, Dirc. Gen. Intell. & Invt. (Cus) Karachi (Applicant) V/S M/s. Internatioal Impex, Karachi & another (Respondent)

Penalty on Custom Agent; cannot be sustained in undervaluation by Importer in absence of any material to that effect.…

307/1996 Cr.Acq.A. Muhammad Umer Dahri (Appellant) V/S Achar and others (Respondent)

307/1996 Cr.Acq.A. Muhammad Umer Dahri (Appellant) V/S Achar and others (Respondent)…

1849/2016 Const. P. M/s HBL Stock Fund (Petitioner) V/S Addl: Commissioner I.R and Ors (Respondent)

1849/2016 Const. P. M/s HBL Stock Fund (Petitioner) V/S Addl: Commissioner I.R and Ors (Respondent)…

611/2017 Cr.Bail Kamran Bhutto (Applicant) V/S The State (Respondent)

The essential ingredient of Section 489-F PPC, that a cheque dishonestly issued and dishonored should be towards the satisfaction of a loan or an obligation of the giver is lacking in the instant case. There is nothing o…

63/2024 Election Appeal Dr. Fahmida Mirza W/o Dr. Zulfiqar Mirza (Appellant) V/S The RO NA-223 Badin-II and Others (Respondent)

63/2024 Election Appeal Dr. Fahmida Mirza W/o Dr. Zulfiqar Mirza (Appellant) V/S The RO NA-223 Badin-II and Others (Respondent)…

323/2024 H.C.A Muhammad Qutub-ul-Arefeen and Others (Appellant) V/S Muhammad Younus Qureshi and Others (Respondent)

Court documents relied on Suit "Alpha" to evidence fraud played in Suit "Beta" and required no further inquiry on the part of the Court deciding Section 12(2) CPC proceedings. Appeal dismissed.…

2165/2021 Const. P. Sajid Plastic Factory (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

2165/2021 Const. P. Sajid Plastic Factory (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)…

2119/2025 Cr.Bail TARIQ MEHMOOD S/O DOST MUHAMMAD (Applicant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)

2119/2025 Cr.Bail TARIQ MEHMOOD S/O DOST MUHAMMAD (Applicant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)…

5926/2018 Const. P. Pakistan National Shipping Corp (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

Having considered the legal precedents, we are of the opinion that the Petitioners' situation falls under the principle of Master and Servant. It is a well-established legal principle that a contractual employee does not…

3027/2014 Const. P. Muhammad Asim and Ors (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)

3027/2014 Const. P. Muhammad Asim and Ors (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Ors (Respondent)…

4417/2021 Const. P. Dr. Mazhar Ali Jatoi (Petitioner) V/S Fed. of Pakistan and Others (Respondent)

that the petitioner has been placed on as an Officer on Special Duty (OSD)…

92/2021 Cr.J.A Zameer Ahmed Mahar (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

92/2021 Cr.J.A Zameer Ahmed Mahar (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

701/2024 Criminal Miscelleneous ERUM SULEMAN ALI W/O SYED SULEMAN ALI (Applicant) V/S THE STAET & ORS (Respondent)

701/2024 Criminal Miscelleneous ERUM SULEMAN ALI W/O SYED SULEMAN ALI (Applicant) V/S THE STAET & ORS (Respondent)…

5/2012 Spl. Cr. A. Kifayatullah (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

2012

5/2012 Spl. Cr. A. Kifayatullah (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

1008/2007 Suit WASIM IQBAL (Plaintiff) V/S KARWAN E ISLAMI (Respondent)

It is a settled rule that special damages cannot be awarded, unless Plaintiff has led a convincing and positive evidence in support of his claim, which in the present case has not been done.…

7/2018 Criminal Appeal Muhammad Ismail (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

7/2018 Criminal Appeal Muhammad Ismail (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

68/2020 Cr.Appeal MUHAMMAD IQBAL (Appellant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)

68/2020 Cr.Appeal MUHAMMAD IQBAL (Appellant) V/S THE STATE (Respondent)…

266/1987 R.A (Civil Revision) Syed Ghanzfar Hussain & Ors (Applicant) V/S Nooruddin & Ors (Respondent)

(a) Specific Relief Act (I of 1877)--- ----S. 54---Suit for permanent injunction---Illegal construction---Proof---Plaintiffs challenged the illegal construction by the defendants on the open space around their property--…

2576/2024 Const. P. Jumani Builders & Others (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh & Others (Respondent)

2576/2024 Const. P. Jumani Builders & Others (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh & Others (Respondent)…

31/2005 Civil Revision Province of Sindh and another (Applicant) V/S Gul Muhammad & Ors,thr:their attorney M.Bilal Memo (Respondent)

2009

31/2005 Civil Revision Province of Sindh and another (Applicant) V/S Gul Muhammad & Ors,thr:their attorney M.Bilal Memo (Respondent)…

5276/2021 Const. P. Zeeshan Ahmed (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and Others (Respondent)

The application of the law applied by the respondents while scrutinizing the case of the petitioner is correct appreciation of law and supported by both regularization policy and existing legal precedents, rendering the …

1174/2014 Const. P. Muhammad Abdul Moeti Atif (Petitioner) V/S Govt. of Sindh and Ors (Respondent)

1174/2014 Const. P. Muhammad Abdul Moeti Atif (Petitioner) V/S Govt. of Sindh and Ors (Respondent)…

2306/2024 Const. P. Syed Usman Ali Shah (Petitioner) V/S P.O Sindh & Others (Respondent)

It is settled principle of law that the writ of quo warranto is not to be issued as a matter of course. Court to test bona fide of relator to see if he has come in the Court with clean hands. Petition dismised.…

179/2010 Cr.Rev Khadim Hussain (Appellant) V/S State (Respondent)

179/2010 Cr.Rev Khadim Hussain (Appellant) V/S State (Respondent)…

107/2019 Criminal Appeal Amanullah Ogahi (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

107/2019 Criminal Appeal Amanullah Ogahi (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

23/2011 Judicial Companies Misc. U.B.L V/S (Petitioner) V/S M/s Pak Rock Oil Trading Corporation (Respondent)

As regards the prayer clause (d) to the effect that the action be taken against the directors of the respondent company under section 412, 413 and 414 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984, learned counsel for the petitioner …

1113/2023 Spl. Cus. Ref. A. Director, Directorat Gen., Int.& Inv (Custom) Kar. (Applicant) V/S M/s. CMS-GRC, Sawat & another (Respondent)

Order by Tribunal without independent reasons and findings; not sustainable; set-aside…

2/2016 Suit Ali Mushtaq & Others. (Plaintiff) V/S Federation of Pakistan & Others.. (Defendant)

2/2016 Suit Ali Mushtaq & Others. (Plaintiff) V/S Federation of Pakistan & Others.. (Defendant)…

43/2018 Const. P. Samuel Parvaiz (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and others (Respondent)

43/2018 Const. P. Samuel Parvaiz (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh and others (Respondent)…

151/2019 Cr.Acq.A. Tarachand S/O Daryano Mal (Appellant) V/S Imtiaz Ali and another (Respondent)

151/2019 Cr.Acq.A. Tarachand S/O Daryano Mal (Appellant) V/S Imtiaz Ali and another (Respondent)…

61/2016 Criminal Appeal Mir Hassan Bangwar and others (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)

61/2016 Criminal Appeal Mir Hassan Bangwar and others (Appellant) V/S The State (Respondent)…

6848/2018 Const. P. Human Help Welfar Association (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh & Others (Respondent)

6848/2018 Const. P. Human Help Welfar Association (Petitioner) V/S Province of Sindh & Others (Respondent)…

3179/2019 Const. P. Haji Moosa Khan (Petitioner) V/S Mst. Nazia and Ors (Respondent)

Suggestions alone that they have given false evidence could not be materialized in favour of the petitioners as primary burden was discharged by plaintiffs/respondents. It is a cumulative effect of all evidence available…

448/2022 Const. P. Ms. Rubina Shamshad & others Thr Shamshad Ali Khan (Petitioner) V/S Shamsher Khan and another (Respondent)

448/2022 Const. P. Ms. Rubina Shamshad & others Thr Shamshad Ali Khan (Petitioner) V/S Shamsher Khan and another (Respondent)…

624/2021 Const. P. Mst. Maryam D/o (Late) Dr. Fazlullah Yousufani (Petitioner) V/S Muhammad Ayub Jatoi and another (Respondent)